The Gospel According to Matthew

Copyright© 2006, Darroll Evans

Chapter 5

 

Matthew 5:1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him:

 

When Jesus saw that a large crowd followed him, He went to a high hill.  Many biblical mountains are actually hills.  Mt. Zion, Mt. Moriah, and the Mount of Olives are just hills.

 

When He was set (Gr. kathisantos-kaqisantoV), was seated on the hill His disciples came to Him.  Teaching from a seated position was a rabbinical tradition. Christ was now ready to deliver a wonderful sermon, the “sermon on the mount.”

 

We are not told the size of the group that heard this sermon. BUT, we do know that the Bible says that He left and went up into a mountain.  It is obvious that He left the multitudes behind.  The Bible is specific. Only His disciples came to Him.

 

Matthew 5:2-3

2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,

3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

 

Blessed (Gr. Makarioi-Makarioi) speaks of happiness. Blessed/Happy are the poor in spirit. 


Poor (Gr. ptoochoi-
ptwcoi.) is a shallow translation.  The Greek indicates one who is indigent.  It pictures a person crouching down while working extremely hard.

 

Imagine a person bent over doing very hard labor. Have you ever seen migrant farm workers?

 

They struggle day in and day out to gain only a survival existence. Poverty would be a step up.

 

Jesus said, "Happy are the indigent in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven."

 

Who are the "indigent in spirit"?

 

They are not Christians. Christians cannot be "indigent in spirit."

 

Christians can be financially indigent.  But, we cannot be indigent “in spirit.”  Only those without Christ can be indigent in spirit.

 

The first beatitude is meant for the lost.   Think about it! Jesus Christ pronounced supreme blessings on the spiritually indigent.

 

Some commentators teach that the poor in spirit are those who have accepted Jesus as Lord and have been humbled by that experience.

 

Anyone who accepts Christ is humbled by the experience. That humbling has nothing to do with being poor in spirit.

 

Have you accepted Jesus?

 

Do you have the Holy Spirit within?

 

If your answer is, "Yes," then it is impossible for you to be "poor in spirit." The indwelling of the Holy Spirit disqualifies you.

 

A multibillionaire cannot be financially indigent. A Christian cannot be spiritually indigent.

 

The first beatitude would be better understood with this translation. "The indigent in spirit shall experience great happiness, because theirs is the kingdom of heaven."

 

That interpretation places the emphasis on God's redeeming power. We of the household of faith should rejoice in the goodness and compassion of the Father.  We were indigent in Spirit, but due to God’s loving mercy and grace we are healed!

 

Matthew 5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.

 

"Mourn" (Gr. penthountes-penqounteV) means to lament, to grieve. Who are those who lament?

 

As children of God we look forward to Christ's return, and to the judgment to follow. God's judgment will result in our vindication.

 

We do not lament. We experience the joy of salvation.

 

Comforted (Gr. parakleetheesontai-paraklhqhsontai) may also be translated consoled. "Happy are those that lament, they shall be consoled."

 

According to the prevailing thought, most of those who see Christ shall be ashamed, remorseful, roasted, toasted, and/or bound for Eternal Torment or Annihilation. That falls far short of being comforted, cheered, or consoled.

 

Does the Bible speak of great lamentation?

 

The Bible says, “Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail (Gr. kopsontai-koyontai) because of him. Even so, Amen.” (Revelation 1:7)

 

The Greek word translated "shall wail" (Revelation 1:7) means to greatly lament, mourn. Those who see Christ at His coming and understand that they have been found lacking shall greatly lament, because of their folly.

 

Again: Matthew 5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.

 

This Beatitude is a description of reconciliation to God through Christ Jesus. It begins with mourning, but ends in comfort!

 

The Liberty Commentary says, "those who mourn for the human anguish of the lost shall be comforted by the compassion of God" (page 20). God’s compassion shall dispel all grief.

 

Those that follow Buddha, Mohammed, the Hindu gods Spiritualism, and other false “religions” shall come to Christ in deep repentance for the extreme spiritual evil committed in the names of false gods.

 

Romans 14:11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess (Gr. exeomologeesetai-exeomologhsetai) to God.

 

The Greek word translated “shall confess” in Romans 14:11 speaks of an open confession made with joy! Every tongue shall confess with joy to God the Father, “Jesus is Lord!”

 

Matthew 5:5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.

 

Meek (Gr. praeis-praeiV) speaks of humility, or gentleness of spirit. As Christians, being meek does not mean that we are cowardly wimps.

 

Picture this, a very strong man dealing gently with those around him.  That is biblical meekness.

 

Christ himself was meek. Matthew 11:29---Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls.

 

If you are searching for rest, Christ Jesus is the only One who can offer it to you.

 

Matthew 5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.

 

All people are subject to physical hunger and thirst.  But, here it speaks of those that hunger and thirst for righteousness.

 

This is blessing for those that have been called to follow Christ.  Our election causes a hunger and thirst for righteousness that is found only in Christ Jesus. 

 

The promise is that we will be filled (Gr. chortastheesontai- cortasqhsontai), fed to the point of satisfaction.

 

Most Americans do not know abject hunger. Food was not plentiful during biblical times. Many today fight hunger each day.

 

During Bible times, survival was a daily struggle.  Many never attended a banquet, or knew a day without hunger.

 

Matthew 5:7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.

 

Merciful (Gr. eleeemones-elehmoneV) indicates active compassion, or divine grace.  When you stand in judgment, do you want justice or mercy?

 

Thank God we will not get justice, we will not get what we deserve.  Instead, we shall obtain mercy.

 

James 2:13b Mercy triumphs over judgment. (NKJV)

 

Matthew 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.

 

You may be thinking that if we must be pure of heart to see God, we will never see God.  Think again!

 

2 Corinthians 5:17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.

 

Now, Christians spiritually see through what I call “blur discrimination.”  It is as if we now have 20/40 vision with no corrective lenses.  However, that will change.

 

I John 3:2  Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is. (NKJV)

 

As Christians, God had declared us to have pure hearts.  And, we shall see Him!

 

Matthew 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.

 

Peacemakers (Gr. eireenopoioi-eirhnopoioi) are those who actively seek peace, as Christ did.  I believe it refers to those that evangelize.

 

These peacemakers do NOT speak of peace between men.  They tell of peace with God!

 

Do you realize that many live in rebellion because they have not been told that God made peace with us through Christ?

 

Far too many people are trying to make peace with God through their works and deeds. They shall fail!

 

Are you part of the family business?  The family business is to evangelize, to explain that the Father made peace with mankind through the cross of Jesus Christ.

 

Evangelism is not salesmanship.  We do not convert anyone!  We simply present Christ and let the Holy Spirit do the rest.

 

Matt 10:34 Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.

 

Christianity is not peace with men!  It is peace with God through Christ, the only way to the Father.

 

Matthew 5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

 

Persecuted (Gr. dedioogmenoi-dediwgmenoi) speaks of being driven away.

 

Kingdom (Gr. basileia-basileia) indicates royal power or dominion. 

 

Do you live in the God’s dominion?

 

Those outside Christianity simply don’t know that Christ died for them.  We need to tell them that fact of Life!

 

Matthew 5:11-12

11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.

12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.

 

You are blessed when men insult and persecute you, and make false accusations against you, because of your trust in Christ.  You should not despair. Instead you should rejoice, because your reward is great (Gr. polus-poluV) in heaven. 

 

Do you recall that a rebellious Israel persecuted and killed the prophets? 

 

The ancient Jews had a habit of killing people, and then declaring them to be prophets.  Yet, God’s love for them has not diminished.

 

John 3:16 says, “God so loved the world.”  Your rebellion does not diminish His love for you!

 

Matthew 5:13 Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men.

 

We, Followers of Christ, are the salt of the earth!  However, if the salt has lost its saltiness, it will not be restored. 

 

Due to the loss of savor, salt becomes worthless.  It becomes good for nothing, except to be thrown into the street to be trampled.

 

As Christians, our “savor” is due to the Holy Spirit.  He will never leave us nor forsake us!  We will never lose our savor. 

 

Our Savior is also our savor.

 

Matthew 5:14-16

14 Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid.

15 Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house.

16 Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.

 

If you follow Jesus, you are the light of the world! A city on a hill cannot be hidden.

 

We do not turn on a light and then cover it, so it gives no light. I like the example of a lighthouse.  The light shines in the darkness to help ships at sea to get home safely. 

 

Even today, lights are usually placed in a high position within a room.  That is done to maximize the effectiveness of the light.

 

Matthew 5:17-18

17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.

18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

 

Jesus told his followers that He did not come to abolish the Law or the Prophets.  He came to fulfill (Gr. pleeroosai-plhrwsai), or complete the law and the sayings of the Prophets.

 

Until heaven and earth pass away and all is accomplished, the Law of God shall remain unaltered.

 

You may think that the Law has been canceled to nullified.  Let me ask just one question about the Law.

 

Here is the first commandment: Exodus 20:3---You shall have no other gods before Me (NKJV). 

 

Has it been canceled or nullified?

 

NO!

 

Then, neither have the other nine.

 

The “law of Moses” is no longer valid, but the Ten, the Law of God, are still in force.  None has been changed!

 

Has heaven and earth passed away?

 

Has all been accomplished?

 

God is working on a timeline, and things are still on the schedule.

 

Revelation 21:1-2

1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.

2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.

 

1 Corinthians 15:28 Now when all things are made subject to Him, then the Son Himself will also be subject to Him who put all things under Him, that God may be all in all. (NKJV)

 

Matthew 5:19 Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.

 

Jesus said that whoever attempts to annul one of the least of these commandments, and teaches others based on that supposed annulment, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven.

 

I want you to notice that he does not say that person will burn in hell, forever and ever (amen).  Instead, Jesus said he/she would be called “the least.”

 

He continued, “But whoever keeps the commandments, even to the least of them, and teaches others to keep them shall be called great (Gr. megas-megaV) in the kingdom of heaven.”

 

If any person demeans the commandments (any of them), it is to his/her detriment.  Whoever teaches godliness will be great. 

 

Certain Churches are sadly lacking in their teaching of the Bible and godly morality.  The Preachers in those Churches proudly turn their pulpits over to politicians searching for worldly power.

 

Then, the same Pastors cry when teenage girls in those Churches become pregnant out of wedlock.  It is a matter of Pastors turning their backs on God and failing to teach godly morality.

 

It is my opinion that those who do that are false shepherds.

 

When I was a young man, the title “Reverend” meant something.  Today is has been profaned by many churches (small c).

 

Matthew 5:20 For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven.

 

Jesus was explicit---unless your righteousness is greater than that of the scribes and Pharisees, you shall not enter the kingdom of heaven.  That is very clear!

 

However, as followers of Christ Jesus we do not depend on “our” righteousness to enter heaven.  Christians have His imputed righteousness, and so the righteousness we have is greater than the scribes and Pharisees.

 

Matthew 5:21-22

21 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:

22 But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.

 

The sixth commandment (KJV) says, “You shall not kill” (Exodus 20:13).  A literal translation would be, “You shall not murder.” 

 

Jesus explained it spiritually. Whoever is angry without a “cause” (Gr. eikee-eikh) shall be guilty before the court.  Many people blindly quote Matthew 5:22 without understanding it.

 

Being angry is a sin only to the biblically/spiritually ignorant. Ephesians 4:26a---“Be angry, and do not sin.” (NKJV)

 

However, anger can lead the spiritually ignorant into sin as they respond to another’s anger with anger.

 

Jesus went on to say that whoever says to his brother, “Raca” (Gr. Raka-Raka), calling him worthless, shall be guilty before the Council (Gr. Sanedrioo-Sanedriw), the lessor (12 member) Sanhedrin, which was the most powerful non-Roman legal body in Israel.  It was more powerful that the great Sanhedrin.

 

Verse 22 does NOT apply to Christians!

 

Now, let me bring that teaching into the New Testament era!

 

The admonishment to not refer to another as a fool does not apply to Christians!

 

Perhaps you have never considered the fact that the New Testament did not begin until Christ Jesus went to the cross!

 

While some Church attendees are just “faking it,” others are the real deal!

 

Christians are pure, holy, and blameless before God!

 

Christians are forgiven of all sins; past, present, and future!

 

As a forgiven saint of God, you are sealed against any such negative judgment as “hell fire” may indicate! 

 

Stop living under the bondage that ignorant people try to load you with!

 

Do not go back to the Old and take responsibility for forgiven sins!

 

Christ saved you from that ignorance!  Praise Him!

 

Gehenna is an actual place in Israel.  It was the Jerusalem garbage dump. In the days that Christ Jesus walked the earth, the fires burning the trash never went out.  From that we get a picture of eternal fire.

 

However, If you saw it today, you would not recognize it.  The fire is out and Gehenna is a grassy field.  However, there is an eternal fire, but not located where you might think.

 

Deuteronomy 4:24 For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.

 

Hebrews 12:29 For our God is a consuming fire.

 

Many Pentecostals live in dire fear of being thrown into the Lake of Fire, because their Pastors teach ignorance based on Old Testament theology and not upon the New Testament that is the Christian heritage!

 

If another brings a charge against you, as a Christian, please understand this one thing.  No matter who they are, they are biblically illiterate!

 

Matthew 5:23-24

23 Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee;

24 Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

 

Here, Jesus uses the ancient laws of offering as an example. He said, “If you are presenting an offering, and remember that your brother has something against you, leave your offering there, and be reconciled to your brother, then come and present your offering.

 

The word “freewill” is only found in the Old Testament.  It is not found in the New Testament.  “Freewill” is used in the KJV only in reference to offerings.

 

Notice that you do not have something against your brother, but he has something against you.  The lesson is that we are to go the extra mile, even it is not comfortable to do it.

 

Matthew 5:25-26

25 Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison.

26 Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.

 

Verse 25a is not a literal translation. The Greek says, “Be kindly disposed toward your adversary---quickly, while you are on the road with him.”  The lesson is that conflict can cause more problems that we can imagine.  It does not say, “knuckle under to sinners,” as many may assume.

 

The prison system in that day demanded that if a debt was not paid in full, the debtor could be imprisoned.  We were imprisoned in sin with no means of payment for that sin. Christ Jesus paid the full and complete debt.

 

Matthew 5:27-28

27 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery:

28 But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.

 

Now, Jesus addresses adultery.  It is plain sense commandment not to commit adultery, but Jesus takes it a bit further.

 

Jesus said that if men, or in the case homosexual lesbianism women, look at another woman in lust, that person has already committed adultery in the heart.

 

Matthew 5:29-30

29 And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.

30 And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.

 

This section is not meant to bring on any self-mutilation.  It is just an admission that the flesh never meant to control the spirit.

 

The Greek word translated “Hell” again refers to Gehenna.

 

Matthew 5:31-32

31 It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement:

32 But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.

 

As you read this section, keep in mind that at least a quarter of all those who take marriage vows this year are liars.  The only question is, “Are the lies premeditated?”

 

Half of all marriages begun this year will end in divorce.  The part about “better or worse” is usually one-sided.

 

That mean that half of that half refused to live by the vows they took.

 

Matthew references a “writing of divorce” (Gr. apostasion- apostasion). 

 

Deuteronomy 24:1-2
1 When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.

2 And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife.

 

That was Moses’ law. Jesus saw it through different eyes.

 

Jesus said that if a man divorces his wife, except for the fornication (Gr. porneias-porneiaV), illicit sexual intercourse, he causes her to commit adultery.  And, if a man marries a divorced woman, he commits adultery.

 

That is a hard saying for many today.

 

Matthew 5:33-36

33 Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths:

34 But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne:

35 Nor by the earth; for it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King.

36 Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black.

 

Christ addresses tradition. Jesus said, “Don’t make an oath.”  The basic reason to avoid oath is our inability to guarantee the fulfillment of an oath.

 

If you are going to talk the talk---you must walk the walk!

 

Matthew 5:37 But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.

 

Let your words be few!

 

Matthew 5:38-39

38 Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth:

39 But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.

 

Moses law says, “Eye for an eye, and tooth for tooth” (Exodus 21:24).  Contrary to erroneous teaching concerning this passage, this was not a demand that an eye must be given if an eye was lost.

 

Instead, it placed a limitation on all punishment.  They may take an eye for an eye, but that was not demanded nor was it be surpassed.

 

The teaching that an eye must be taken for an eye was born out of biblical and spiritual ignorance and stupidity!

 

It seems that Jesus said that we should “not resist” (Gr. mee antisteenai-mh antisthnai), or oppose evil. The KJV needs some further clarification.  It is not a literal translation.

 

Evil (Gr. poneeroo-ponhrw) indicates a degenerate character.  The reference is to an individual rather than a concept. 

 

We are not to resist evil or the evil one in our own power.  In such cases, evil will win.

 

We resist evil in God’s power.  We do not resist in our personal human power.

 

Matthew 5:40-42

40 And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloke also.

41 And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain.

42 Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away.

 

Literally, verse 40 says, If any man seeks to take your tunic, give him your cloak. If someone attempts to take something, give more than he/she asks.  That is contrary to human nature.

 

If another compels (Gr. aggareusei-aggareusei), or forces you to do something, do more voluntarily.  The word translated “compels  is of Persian origin.

 

In Persian times, Persian officials could compel another to act as a courier.  In Roman times, a Roman Centurion could compel a Jew to carry his armor.

 

When Jesus was crucified, Simon of Cyrene was “compelled” (Gr. eengareusan-hngareusan) to carry Jesus’ cross.   The Greek word used in Matthew 27:32 comes from the same root word used here in Matthew 5.

 

Since Christ has gone “the extra mile” for us, we are to follow His example.

 

Matthew 5:43-48

43 Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.

44 But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;

45 That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.

46 For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same?

47 And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so?

48 Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.

 

Jesus shows what society expects us to be the highest example. Then he raises the bar to a height that seems impossible. 

 

Love (Gr. agapate-agapate) means that we are to love, respect, or value your enemies.

 

Jesus gave us the ultimate example.

 

He died for the world, BUT he never considered the world as His brothers.

 

Matt 12:46-50

46 While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him.

47 Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee.

48 But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren?

49 And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren!

50 For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.

 

So, who do we love our enemies?  And, how do we pray for those who despitefully use us?

 

We show love to our enemies by telling them about Christ Jesus!

 

We pray for those who despitefully use us by praying that God will send His Holy Spirit to convict them of their sins and convince them to turn to Christ Jesus!

 

If we hate others, we show that hatred by withholding the gospel!

 

Numerous times Christ Jesus spoke of the religious leaders of His time as hypocrites. He told them that their father was Satan. And yet He told one man to go to them and offer the sacrifice commanded by Moses (Matthew 8:4). Christ never withheld the gospel!

 

We are to pray for those who persecute us, for His sake. 

 

How do you pray for someone who persecutes you?

 

Do two things. First, turn them over to God the Holy Spirit.  Second, pray for their realization of Christ’s love for them.

 

We should do that to reflect God’s love.  In many respects God treats sinner and saint alike.

 

It is not exceptional to love our friends and family.  Loving our enemies is exceptional.

 

Verse 48 says that we are to be perfect (Gr. teleioi- teleioi), as our heavenly Father is perfect. 

 

How can we do that?

 

This is not a demand for sinlessness.  It is a demand that our love be without favoritism. 

 

Chapter 6
Main Index